Target - UPSC 2016 {Pendrive Course 16GB with Updates }:-
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. In 16GB course {Course Fees :-2000/- only}, number of Videos/audios are less , But all books /Notes/Pdfs and some Basic Videos for GS . Optionals Notes/pdfs for geography/Pol. Science /Pub Add/Sociology + Daily/weekly/monthly Updates on current Affairs /Other GS-GK Updates through Email . . In 32GB course {Course Fees :-3000/- only }, Number of Videos and audios are more , here you will find all books /Notes/Pdfs and Complete Videos/Audios for history/economy/Geography/polity/Environment/Other important GS-Gk Videos+ Optionals like geography/Pol. Science /Pub Add/Sociology + Daily/weekly/monthly Updates on current Affairs /Other GS-GK Updates through Email .
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“White Spaces” is a term used to “indicate those parts of the spectrum used for communication applications [like radio, television and Internet] available in a given geographical area that work without causing interference to the primary users of spectrum.
who Are Primary Users ?
The primary users are the licensed users of spectrum band. They often do not use the allocated spectrum to the maximum. “White Space” devices could help find the spectrum's under-utilised aspects and make the secondary users utilise them without causing any interference to the primary users. Simply, the technology works by sensing the spectrum that remains unused and uses it to transmit wireless products.
How White Space could be used to bridge Digital Divide ?
The term 'White Space' refers to portions of licensed radio spectrum that licensees do not use all of the time or in all geographical locations. Several regulators around the world are moving towards allowing unlicensed access to these frequencies, subject to the proviso that licensed transmissions are not adversely affected. By allowing access to these White Space frequencies, more effective and efficient use of the radio spectrum is envisaged.
This would help create methods to provide future broadband wireless services and applications to people at a lower cost.
Microsoft is working to harness the enormous potential of “White Spaces” to deliver broadband wireless that help people stay better connected.
India's Department of Telecommunications (DoT) is looking at this technology with interest.
India has designed a top secret weapon, KALI, which will be an answer to any uninvited missile aimed to disturb the peace of India. KALI stands for Kilo Ampere Linear Injector.
Development :-
It has been developed by the Defence Research Development Organization (DRDO) and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). The project was initially started for industrial purposes but its various abilities helped in making it a powerful weapon.
The KALI series which are KALI 80, KALI 200, KALI 1000, KALI 5000 and KALI 10000 are described as 'Single Shot Pulsed Gigawatt Electron Accelerators'.The beams from the weapon can shatter any satellite and UAVs in no time.Its ability to emit powerful pulses of electrons and the conversion of electron energy into E.M. Radiation fuel the hopes that the KALI could be used in a High-Power Microwave gun
Digital India is an initiative of Government of India to integrate the government departments and the people of India.
It aims at ensuring that the government services are made available to citizens electronically by reducing paperwork. The initiative also includes plan to connect rural areas with high-speed internet networks.
3 CORE Components :-
Digital India has three core components. These include:
The creation of digital infrastructure
1. A programme to transform India into digital empowered society and knowledge economy.
2. The vision of Digital India aims to transform the country into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
3. The programme will be implemented in phases from the current year till 2018
A two-way platform will be created where both the service providers and the consumers stand to benefit.
The scheme will be monitored and controlled by the Digital India Advisory group which will be chaired by the Ministry of Communications and IT.
It will be an inter-ministerial initiative where all ministries and shall offer their own services to the public Healthcare, Education, Judicial services etc.
The Public-Private-Partnership model shall be adopted selectively. In addition, there are plans to restructure the National Informatics Centre. This project is one among the top priority projects of the Modi Administration.
Several events were held across 36 states and union territories, covering 600 districts in the country.
Information Technology companies were told to organise a mandatory viewing of the speech to be delivered by PM Narendra Modi at the launch of the Digital India Initiative.
What is Digital India?
With the launch of Digital India programme, the government is taking a big step forward to transform the country into a digitally empowered knowledge economy.
Scope of Digital India
1. To prepare India for a knowledge future.
2. On being transformative that is to realize IT (Indian Talent) + IT (Information Technology) = IT(India Tomorrow).
3. Making technology central to enabling change.
4. On being an Umbrella Programme –covering many departments.
The programme includes projects that aim to ensure that government services are available to citizens electronically and people get benefit of the latest information and communication technology.
Apps for Digital India
Digital India Portal, MyGov Mobile App, Swachh Bharat Mission App and Aadhaar Mobile Update App
Vision of Digital India
Digital Infrastructure as a Utility to Every Citizen-Governance & Services on Demand Digital Empowerment of Citizens
Pillars Of Digital India
1. Broadband Highways
2. Universal Access to Phones
3. Public Internet Access Programme
4. e-Governance - Reforming government through Technology
5. e-Kranti - Electronic delivery of services
6. Information for All
7. Electronics Manufacturing - Target NET ZERO Imports
8. IT for Jobs
9. Early Harvest Programmes
Impact of Digital India by 2019
Broadband in 2.5 lakh villages,
universal phone connectivity
Net Zero Imports by 2020
400,000 Public Internet Access Points
Wi-fi in 2.5 lakh schools, all universities;
Public wi-fi hotspots for citizens
Digital Inclusion: 1.7 Cr trained for IT, Telecom and Electronics Jobs
Job creation: Direct 1.7 Cr. and Indirect at least 8.5 Cr
e-Governance & e-Services: Across government India to be leader in IT use in services - health, education, banking
Digitally empowered citizens - public cloud, internet access
DIGITAL LOCKER :-
Benefits of Digital Locker
Digital Locker facility will help citizens to digitally store their important documents like PAN card, passport, mark sheets and degree certificates.
Digital Locker will provide secure access to Government issued documents. It uses authenticity services provided by Aadhaar. It is aimed at eliminating the use of physical documents and enables sharing of verified electronic documents across Govt Agencies.
Digital Locker provides a dedicated personal storage space in the cloud to citizens, linked to citizens Aadhaar number.
Digital Locker will reduce the administrative overhead of government departments and agencies created due to paper work.
It will also make it easy for the residents to receive services by saving time and effort as their documents will now be available anytime, anywhere and can be shared electronically.
To sign-up for your Digital Locker, one need your Aadhaar number and a Mobile number that is linked to that Aadhaar Number.
NOFN :-
What is National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN)?
NOFN proposes seven lakh kilometers of optical fibre to be laid to connect 250 gram panchayats in three years.
Public Wi-fi spots will be provided around the clusters after that and all villages will be provided with internet connectivity.
According to Communications and Information Technology Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad, "ten states including Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Haryana and
Chhattisgarh, are ready to roll out the NOFN to facilitate Digital India.
States like Telangana, Meghalaya, Jharkhand have decided to observe Digital India Week (DIW) from July 1 to July 7.
The University Grants Commission (UGC) also directed all universities and higher education institutes across the country to observe the Digital India Week.
Benefits of Digital India
1. It would bring in public accountability through mandated delivery of government’s services electronically.
2. It will be done through a Unique ID and e-Pramaan based on authentic and standard based interoperable and integrated government applications and data basis.
The Government of India has initiated a giant leap forward to transform the country into a digitally empowered knowledge economy. DI will help in leveraging India's Globally acclaimed IT competence for the benefit of 120 Crore Indians.
It will help in reducing corruption, getting things done quickly and will help in reducing paper work.
Some of the facilities which would be available through this initiative are Digital Locker,e-education, e-health, Digital Signature and national scholarship portal.
Digital India: Challenges :-
The initiative introduces nine "pillars" that the government will expand on, in its push to try to bridge the country's digital divide. Prasanto K Roy explains the significance of each pillar and what challenges the government faces in trying to implement them.
Broadband Highways
Digital India aims to have broadband networks that will span India's cities, towns and 250,000 villages by end-2016, along with a system of networks and data centres called the National Information Infrastructure.
The vision is grand.
If successful, it could transform citizen access to multimedia information, content and services. It also gives the government access to a great deal of information.
However, laying cables doesn't ensure they will be used.
After years of broadband and nationwide fibre-optic infrastructure targets, India remains stuck at a total of 15 million wire line broadband users. Yet mobile broadband use has exploded, currently standing at 85 million users, driven by apps like Facebook and WhatsApp, and the sharing of images and videos.
Experience shows that it is communications and content, not empty pipes, that drive network usage. And manufacturing content is not a government strength.
This project needs content and service partnerships with telecom companies and other firms, with new entrepreneurs.
Universal Access to Phones
This focuses on mobile network penetration, with a plan to fill the gaps in connectivity in India by 2018. Though mobile networks have reached most populated parts of India, the last mile is a long one: 42,300 villages still exist outside the reach of a mobile signal.
"Universal access" does not, however, guarantee a working network. Even in its major cities, India's mobile network is so stressed that many say it's broken, with call failures and drops a common complaint.
An intense shortage of spectrum has driven up costs and driven down service quality for India's telecom industry.
But the problem is much bigger than dropped calls. As many as 85% of India's 100 million broadband users are mobile.
As users ramp up multimedia use, and the next 100 million mobile broadband users come on board, networks will not be able to keep up. Digital India needs more spectrum.
Public Internet Access
This aims to increase the number of government-run facilities (Common Service Centres or CSC) that provide digital services to citizens, especially in remote or rural areas with low connectivity.
The objective is to increase the 140,000 facilities to 250,000, or one in nearly every village. It also aims to convert 150,000 post offices into multi-service centres. The vision is that the longest distance a villager or tribesperson should have to travel should be to the nearest CSC.
This project was first approved in 2006, but moved slowly in its initial years. One of the big boosts from Digital India could be the dramatic ramp-up the mega-project is setting as a target. Citizen services will be one driver of adoption.
e-Governance: Reforming Government through Technology
Of all the "pillars" of Digital India, this is the oldest and most mature initiative.
For decades, hundreds of e-governance projects have been piloted across India. Many were quick successes that however died out once the chief promoter, often a bureaucrat on a two-year posting, moved on.
The processes and services include digitising manual databases, introducing online applications and tracking, using online repositories for citizen documents, introducing publicly-visible government workflow automation, and public grievance redress.
Experts say that almost every e-governance project that India needs has been successfully piloted somewhere in the country. The daunting task for Digital India will be to take successful pilot projects, replicate and scale them up.
e-Kranti - Electronic Delivery of Services
e-Kranti comprises 41 large e-governance initiatives, called "mission mode projects". They span e-education (all schools to get broadband and free wi-fi, as well as MOOCs - Massive Online Open Courses), e-Healthcare and technology for farming, security, financial inclusion, justice, planning and cyber-security.
The sheer scale of these projects helps ensure that they do not meet the fate of most e-governance projects in India, which remain pilots.
Several have been completed successfully, including the overhauled passport service, and the "MCA21" project for company registration from the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
Information for All
This set of web, mobile and social media platforms aims to connect citizens with the government. It is already well under way, both on social media, and the citizen portal MyGov.in.
The present BJP-led government has been widely lauded for its social-media savvy and its use of digital outreach tools. Prime minister Narendra Modi is one of the world's most influential Twitter users, with over 13 million followers (and another 7 million on his official @PMOIndia account)
But critics say that these digital channels are used mostly in broadcast mode, with Mr Modi responding to very few, filtered, questions, and no criticism, especially from media. His supporters say he uses them to connect directly to citizens, bypassing media.
Electronics Manufacturing
This plan aims for "net zero imports" in electronics, or imports that match exports by value, by 2020.
This is ambitious.
As of now, India stands to import three quarters of the $400bn worth of electronics products it will consume in the next five years. Hardware exports as of now are still under $10bn. This calls for a very big ramp-up in local manufacturing.
The plan includes incentives for big chip fabrication as well for mobile and set-top box manufacturers, and clusters and incubators for start-ups.
That's probably the biggest push and global image makeover being attempted by the Modi government, via its "Make in India" campaign launched last year.
Critics of the programme say that the "manufacturing first" focus can slow progress when the objective should be on something else, like education (such as with the UPA government's Aakaash tablet programme).
There is also a school of thought that "net zero" imports should be seen on a wider canvas - for instance across technology products and services.
India exports nearly $100bn worth of technology and business process services.
IT for Jobs
This is a project to train 10 million students from smaller towns and villages for IT sector jobs over five years.
Among the plans: Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) locations in every north-eastern state, 300,000 service delivery agents to be trained for IT services, and 500,000 rural workers to be trained by telecom operators for their own needs.
The challenge here is not just the numbers, but quality. The technology sector increasingly finds that the dwindling manpower resources available for its jobs are under-trained and mismatched to its needs.
Most firms are forced to invest a great deal into their own training for "fresher" recruits.
Early Harvest Programmes
These are the low-hanging fruit, and the projects already under way.
For instance, a new messaging platform for government employees has over 13 million mobiles and 2 million emails in the database; biometric attendance for all central government offices in Delhi, wi-fi in universities and in public locations, eBooks in schools, SMS-based weather information, disaster alerts.
The challenge remains usage.
For instance, the project aims to provide secure email as the primary form of communications within the government, and to the outside world.
Official email has been available for well over a decade in India, though its security is debatable. Yet most government officials and politicians prefer to use personal email services from Gmail and other public providers that can be accessed on their mobile phones.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also called Global Goals are a proposed set of targets relating to future international development. They are to replace the Millennium Development Goals once those expire at the end of 2015.
The SDGs were first formally discussed at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012 (Rio+20).
On 19 July 2014, the UN General Assembly's Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals (OWG) forwarded a proposal for the SDGs to the Assembly. The proposal contained 17 goals with 169 targets covering a broad range of sustainable development issues. These included ending poverty and hunger, improving health and education, making cities more sustainable, combating climate change, and protecting oceans and forests.On 4 December 2014, the UN General Assembly accepted the Secretary-General's Synthesis Report which stated that the agenda for the post-2015 SDG process would be based on the OWG proposals.
The Intergovernmental Negotiations on the Post 2015 Development Agenda (IGN) began in January 2015 and ended in August 2015. Following the negotiations, a final document was adopted at the UN Sustainable Development Summit September 25–27, 2015 in New York, USA.
The title of the agenda is Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
SDG's Facts :-
Starting from 1 january 2016 to 2030 for 15 years . 17 goals and 169 targets to wipe out poverty, fight inequality and tackle climate change over the next 15 years. With this the era of MDGs or the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) launched in September 2000 is over. The Sustainable Development Goals aim to encourage countries and the private sector to focus simultaneously on the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic prosperity, social inclusion and environmental sustainability.
How SDG's are Different From MDG's :-
The Sustainable Development Goals build on the Millennium Development Goals (or MDGs), which were agreed by governments in 2000 and expire this year.
The MDGs focused on reducing poverty and hunger and improving health and education in developing countries.
The MDGs did not specifically address economic development or infrastructure and were not seen as relevant to developed countries. While one of the MDGs (goal 7) sought to ensure environmental sustainability, most of the focus under this goal has been on the target to halve the proportion of the population without safe drinking water or sanitation.
In some respects the MDGs have been phenomenally successful. They have helped focus the efforts of governments, aid organisations and philanthropists on reducing poverty and improving health and education in developing countries. The extreme poverty rate in developing countries has plummeted from 47 per cent in 1990 to 14 per cent in 2015.
Across the world, tremendous progress has been made in enrolling children in primary school, and even in Sub-Saharan Africa, primary school enrolment increased from 60 per cent in 2000 to 80 per cent in 2015. Real successes have been achieved in the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis and there has been substantial progress in reducing child and maternal mortality.
However the MDGs have been criticised as being too narrow and failing to link together the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social and environmental. Many of the challenges the world faces require a global effort from all countries, not just developing countries.
What are the 17 Goals??
The Sustainable Development Goals, which will take over from the Millennium Development Goals after this year, will guide efforts to reduce poverty and improve well-being up to 2030, without destroying the earth. There are 17 goals, further broken down into 169 targets.
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Despite the significant increase in global population, the number of people living in extreme poverty has declined. The World Bank estimates that there were approximately 1 billion people living in extreme poverty in 2011, down from 1.96 billion in 1981.
Sub-Saharan African countries contain the highest percentage of the population who are living in extreme poverty. Since 1981, this region has been the only region that saw a rise in the number of people in extreme poverty - from 52.81% in 1981 to a high of 60.84% in 1993. The figure has since decreased to 46.85% in 2011.
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
The UN estimates that there are about 795 million people who are undernourished, with the majority (about 780 million) living in developing countries. But the proportion of undernourished people in the developing regions has reduced by almost half since 1990.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Targets include to reduce global maternal deaths to less than 70 women per 100,000 live births. In 2013, the global maternal deaths were 210 deaths per 100,000 live births, a reduction of over 40% since 1990. Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Targets include to ensure all children complete free primary and secondary education by 2030. While the number of children out of primary school has reduced in most regions, some African regions still have relatively high rates of children not attending primary and secondary schools. Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Targets include to eliminate practices such as child marriages and female genital mutilation.
Countries with high rates Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Targets include universal access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030. There are about 760 million people without access to safe drinking water - the majority in African countries. Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Targets include to ensure universal access to affordable modern energy services, and to substantially increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
Targets to achieve at least 7% of GDP growth per year in the least developed countries, and also to substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training. Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Targets include to enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries. The goal aims to increase the number of research and development workers, particularly in developing countries. Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
Targets include to progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of the population at a rate higher than the national average. Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Targets include to ensure all people have access to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services. The goal also aims to upgrade the infrastructure of slums around the world. Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Targets include to increase the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources. The goal aims to halve the amount of food wasted (per capita) at the retail and consumer levels and also to reduce food losses along production and supply chains Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts The aims are to strengthen the capacity of countries to adapt to climate-related hazards and natural disasters. The goal targets include to integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning. Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Targets include to implement science-based fishing management plans, and to end illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing by 2020. The goal also hopes to conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas by 2020. Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Targets include to take significant urgent action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species. Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Targets include to significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere. Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development Targets include to provide additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources.
How far have we got to go?
Despite the great advances in poverty alleviation and development, there are still around 800 million people living in extreme poverty or suffering from hunger. In some areas the world has gone backwards. In most countries relative inequality has increased.
Climate change, deforestation and environmental degradation now threaten to undermine future well-being and the development gains that have been achieved. Global greenhouse gases are now more than 50 per cent higher than in 1990 and deforestation, desertification and collapsing fisheries threaten the livelihoods of some of the world’s most vulnerable people.
The fact that all the world’s countries have been able to agree on a set of goals and targets for sustainable development – a sort of “to do list” for a better world is important in itself. As the Declaration accompanying the goals states: “Never before have world leaders pledged common action and endeavour across such a broad and universal policy agenda”.
The goals are a tremendous opportunity to spur government, civil society, academic and business action, and set benchmarks against which they will be held accountable. Hopefully the goals will also increase public awareness of the need for sustainable development and mobilise networks of expertise to focus on finding solutions to the world’s key sustainable development challenges.
Comments from World Leaders :-
The new agenda is a promise by leaders to all people everywhere. It is an agenda for people, to end poverty in all its forms – an agenda for the planet, our common home,” declared UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the opening ceremony of the UN Sustainable Development Summit, in New York. Now, we must use the goals to transform the world. We will do that through partnership and through commitment. We must leave no one behind, he added. General Assembly President Mogens Lykketoft called the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development “ambitious” in confronting the injustices of poverty, marginalisation and discrimination. “We recognise the need to reduce inequalities and to protect our common home by changing unsustainable patterns of consumption and production. And, we identify the overwhelming need to address the politics of division, corruption and irresponsibility that fuel conflict and hold back development,” he said.
The adoption of the goals was preceded by an address by Pope Francis. He urged the global leaders to take action to protect the environment. This was the first time in the 70-year-long history of UN that a Pope has attended the General Assembly.
The meeting also had responses from world leaders and NGOs. India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that the SDG agenda chimes strongly with India’s own strategies for ensuring sustainable development and empowering the poor. The world must look beyond the public and private sector in its development thinking, he added, and think also of the “personal sector”.
Capital punishment, death penalty or execution is punishment by death. The sentence is referred to as a death sentence. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences.
Capital punishment : views in favour and Against Death Penalty
Capital punishment,death penalty or execution is punishment by
death.
Crimes that can result in a death
penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences.
Capital punishment is a matter of active controversy in various countries and states.
At the backdrop of hanging Yakub Memon , whether capital punishment should be banned or not , has
become a topic of public debate in India.
Capital punishment in India :
A statistical look
According to a report of the Law Commission of India (1967), the total number of cases in which the
sentence of death in India was executed from 1953 to 1963 was 1,410.
According to National Crime Record Bureau prison statistics report between 2004 and 2013, 1,303
capital-punishment verdicts have been delivered. However, only three convicts were executed over
this period, one each in West Bengal (2004), Maharashtra (2012) and Delhi (2013).
India saw an
execution-free period of seven years between 2004 and 2012.
In addition, 3,751 death sentences were commuted to life imprisonment during this period between
2004 to 2012.
Recent Death Penalties :-
On 14 August 2004, Dhananjoy Chatterjee was hanged at Alipore Central Jail in West Bengal on his
42nd birthday, convicted for the rape and murder of a teenage girl.
On 21 November 2012, Mohammad Ajmal Amir Kasab the only terrorist to have survived the 2008 Mumbai
terror attacks, was hanged in Pune’s Yerwada Jail.
On 9 Februrary 2013, Mohammed Afzal Guru, a convict in the 2001 Parliament attack case was hanged
inside Delhi’s Tihar jail.
On 30 july 2015, Yakub Abdul Razak Memon , a convict in 1993 mumbai bomb blasts was hanged.
Current status with regards to capital punishment in India:
The Constitution Bench judgment of Supreme Court of India in Bachan Singh vs State of Punjab (1980)
made it very clear that Capital punishment in India can be given only in rarest of rare cases.
Laws regarding capital punishment:
Section 120B of IPC – Being a party to a criminal conspiracy to commit a capital offense.
Section 302, 303 of IPC – relating murder.
Section 305 of IPC – Abetting the suicide of a minor, mentally ill person, or intoxicated person.
Section 364A of IPC – Kidnapping, in the course of which the victim was held for ransom or other coercive
purposes.
Section 31A of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act -Drug trafficking in cases of repeat
offenses .
Section 396 of IPC – Banditry with murder – in cases where a group of five or more individuals commit
banditry and one of them commits murder in the course of that crime, all members of the group are liable
for the death penalty.
Section 376A of IPC and Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 – Rape, if the perpetrator inflicts injuries
that result in the victim’s death or incapacitation in a persistent vegetative state, or is a repeat offender.
Points Favoring abolition of death penalty in India:
The death penalty is incompatible with human rights and human dignity:
The death penalty violates the right to life which happens to be the most basic of all human rights. It also
violates the right not to be subjected to torture and other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or
punishment. Furthermore, the death penalty undermines human dignity which is inherent to every human
being.
The death penalty does not deter crime effectively:
The death penalty lacks the deterrent effect which is commonly referred to by its advocates. As recently
stated by the General Assembly of the United Nations, “there is no conclusive evidence of the deterrent
value of the death penalty” .It is noteworthy that in many retentionist states, the effectiveness of the death
penalty in order to prevent crime is being seriously questioned by a continuously increasing number of law
enforcement professionals.
The arbitrary application of the death penalty can never be ruled out:
The death penalty is often used in a disproportional manner against the poor, minorities and members of
racial, ethnic, political and religious groups.
Capital punishment scenario in different parts of the world:
Among 198 united nations countries , 106 countries have completely abolished it for all crimes , 6
have abolished it for ordinary crimes only , 50 have not used it for last ten years and 36 countries
are actively practicing capital punishment.
Nearly all countries in the world prohibit the execution of individuals who were under the age of 18 at the
time of their crimes; since 2009, only Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan have carried out such
executions. Executions of this kind are prohibited under international law.
In 2007, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution towards the abolition of capital
punishment and the protection of human rights when it endorsed a call for a worldwide moratorium on the
death penalty.(India did not agree with the resolution).
Way Forward:
Democracy in India is evolving over the years. For a country like India with still divisive forces acting ,
continuation of death penalty is the need of the hour. However as time progress, Indian democracy and
judiciary will evolve to eliminate death penalty in this country.
